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KNOWLEDGE
Types of Sake
Making Sake
Ingredients
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 LAST UPDATE: July 21, 2007
Answers to Common Questions
About Japanese Sake
Q1: What is sake? Is it a beer?
Is it a wine? Is it a spirit?
Sake is a beverage fermented from rice, which is a grain. This would make it more of a beer than a wine. Yet, sake is not carbonated, and flavor-wise is closer to wine than beer, although it is indeed uniquely
different from wine. Sake is not a distilled beverage, and is not even remotely related to gin, vodka or other spirits.
Q2: What is the alcohol content of sake?
Sake is generally between 15% and 17% alcohol.
Q3: How long does it take to brew sake?
Basically about a month. It can be a bit longer for ginjo-shu, including all the steps. Also, this does not
include the (usually) six-month period sake is "aged" before release.
Q4: Is sake aged like wine is? Is there such a thing as "vintage" sake? In
general, sake is not aged (beyond the six month period mentioned), and is meant to be consumed soon after purchase. If kept cold and dark, it will last
six months to a year without degradation in flavor. There are exceptions, as some sake is deliberately aged. There is no such thing as a vintage year in
the sake world. Be sure, then, to notice the bottling date on the label. If the sake was brewed in Japan, note that the year 10 (for Heisei 10) is 1998. So
a sake with 9.4.23 would have been bottled on April 23, 1997. Avoid! Try to buy a sake bottled within the last year, at least. If you found it refrigerated, take
one more sigh of relief. If not, it may not be totally fresh.
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Q5: How should sake be stored? Sake should be stored away from light and
kept cool. Refrigeration is best, although not absolutely necessary unless the sake has not been pasteurized.
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Polite way to hold hands
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Q6: Is sake better than other alcoholic beverages for your health? Beyond the normal pros and cons
of alcohol consumption, note that sake is free from sulfites. It is also light and comparatively free of hangover-causing congeners. Premium sake is free from additives and preservatives.
Q7: How many types of sake are there? From a production point of view, there are five basic types (see Types of Sake for details). Note that there are
several other less-common types as well.
Q8: What are some good brands you can recommend? How much time do you have? The best thing to do is to see John Gauntner's Top 100 Sake Picks on his Sake World homepage.
Q9: What price range should I expect? First of all, where are you? Although
the sky's the limit, more expensive (= better = more desirable) is definitely NOT the case. Good sake is not cheap, but it doesn't need to be excessively
priced. If you are in Japan, 2500 to 5000 yen for a 1.8 liter bottle, or 1200 to 2500 for a 720ml bottle, is a good range. In the US, that might come out to
$35 to $70 for a 1.8 liter bottle, or $18 to $37. Unfortunately the price about doubles when it gets imported and goes through the system. Naturally, there
is some fine US-produced sake for about half the above prices that are great values.
Q10: How can one tell a good sake from a bad sake? If you do not have a
chance to taste it, begin by trying to buy something with the words Junmai
-shu, or Honjozo-shu, or Ginjo-shu or Daiginjo-shu on it.
If you do have the chance to taste it, look for balance. Nothing should be cloying or pushy in the flavor profile. A sake can be quite dry or quite sweet
and still be in balance. If it is lethargic and/or dull, and cloyingly sweet or gratingly harsh, avoid it. (Unless you like it that way!)
Q11: What is the proper color for sake?
Sake is generally almost transparent, which is often due to filtering at the kura (brewery) before shipping. This can be excessive at times, stripping a sake of its character.
Often a sake has a light amber or gold color to it. This is often the case in full-flavored sake. This can be quite pleasant and add a new dimension to the
sake experience. Beware: if a sake has been left in the light or allowed to age, it will turn a darker color, almost a lusterless brown. Sake that has degraded to this level is best avoided.
Q12: How many sake brands, or labels, are there? There are about 1800 sake breweries (called kura in Japanese) in Japan, a number which is
sharply decreasing each year. So there are 1700 brands, but most kura make several grades or types of sake, which are significantly different. So
there are likely as many as 10,000 different sake among these breweries. In the US, there are presently seven breweries, most of which make more than one product.
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Q13: How does US-brewed sake stand up to sake from Japan? The breweries in Japan have a 1000 year head start, not only in terms of brewers
and craftsmen, but in terms of special rice that makes great sake. It is understandably a richer and more diverse world, and the sake reflects that.
There is good sake and bad sake being brewed in the US -- just as there is in Japan. While in general the sake from Japan (assuming it has been cared
for properly) is more flavorful, alive and character-laden, there is plenty of very drinkable sake being brewed in the US. Plenty. Also, as the cost of raw
materials is significantly less in the US, sake brewed in the US can present quite a value to the consumer.
Q14: What is koji? Koji is steamed rice onto which koji-kin (which means koji
mold) has been cultivated. This mold is known in English as Aspergillus Oryzae. It is used in sake brewing to break down the starch molecules into
sugar molecules that can be used as food by the yeast cells. Since rice is milled, there is no husk and therefore no enzymes, so malting (as in beer
brewing) is not possible. Koji provides those enzymes to create the sugars for fermentation. This cultivation of koji-kin mold onto steamed rice to create koji itself is the heart of the sake brewing process.
Q15: Where can I get good sake near me? Stay tuned to the Sake Pubs and Restaurants pages for detailed information on which restaurants near you carry premium sake.
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Q16: What is the nihonshu-do, or Sake Meter Value? This is a measure of
the density of the sake relative to water. It is a very general reference to the sweetness or dryness of a sake. Note, however, that acid content and water
hardness and temperature and other factors also contribute a great deal to the concept of sweet and dry.
Q17: What is the ideal temperature for serving sake? Despite the words of
the venerable James Bond, most decent sake tastes best slightly chilled. In short, there is no one ideal serving temperature, but cool to chilled brings our
the best in most good sake, with subtle differences presenting themselves at each temperature range. A lot of good sake goes well warmed, but not too
hot! Piping hot sake is a carryover from decades ago when sake was not at the level it is now, and heating it was the best way to go. Times have changed
, but in Japan as well as in the US, a lot of cheap sake is served very hot.
Q18: Can sake be served with food like wine is? Absolutely. Naturally, this
calls for experimentation, but in general sake is a wonderful accompaniment to fish and other light dishes. Also, premium sake also does well with strong or curiously flavored snacks taken in small morsels.
Q19: Are different kinds of rice used to brew sake, as grapes are for wine? Yes, indeed. There are about 65 varieties of rice designated as sake rice,
and naturally some are more prized than others. Like grapes, different rice strains grow best in particular regions. Some famous examples are Yamada Nishiki, Gohyaku Mangoku and Omachi.
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Q20. Warming Sake. If you do not recommend heating Premium
Sake, then can you recommend a fine sake that WILL heat well for our
customers who wish it warm/hot? We heartily recommend Kamo no Izumi and Sake Hitosuji, both of which are in the US, for gentle warming. See the archived newsletters for more such recommendations. Also, you are
opening a Pandora's Box here, as there is no simple answer to your question. It is all about personal preference, but more often the sake that is suited to
gentle warming is earthier, richer and less fruity. Often the brewer will recommend this on the label, but more often you need to trust your tasting experience and preferences.
Q21. Where can I buy kasu (sake lees), or learn kasu recipes? Outside Japan, we are unsure where you can buy sake lees, or kasu, but you might try
both searching the net for sake "kasu" and shopping at Japanese grocery stores (if there are any near your location).
Q22. Where can I find sake with a snake in the bottle? That is not sake. It is
called "habu-shu" and is not available in the US. I believe customs will not let it in, something to do with a dead snake in the bottom of the bottle. By the way
, it is made with Awamori, a strong distilled Okinawan beverage, not sake. For more on the topic, click here.
Q23. What should I do with my old sake? Is it drinkable? Does it get better with age?
Try it at least but do not have expectations. Sake does not age well, it was not really meant to be aged.
Q24. Where can I buy a nice tokkuri and guinomi sake set? Japanese
pottery guru Robert Yellin offers numerous articles and photos on tokkuri and guinomi, and his online gallery sells them. Please visit JapanesePottery.com, then use the estore search feature to find sake flasks or cups. Our site
, eSake.com, the site you are currently viewing, offers a review of the various vessels used for drinking and pouring sake. See our Sake Vessels Page.
Q25. Could you identify this old bottle of sake I found in the basement of my grandfather? No, we don't do appraisals for free.
Q26. Where can I buy KOJI?
One major producer is Akita Konno Shoten, but they do not have a site, or ship overseas that I know of. Try the below contact: Recently, several brewers are experimenting with koji obtained from
SakeOne Corporation in Oregon, with apparently significantly improved results. This koji can be purchased from F.H. Steinbarts for about $8.00 for a
2.5 lb. Batch. For more information call Steinbarts, at 503-232-8793. Also, koji spores (as opposed to completed koji) are also available from Vision Brewing in Australia. According to proprietor Brendan Tibbs, the product is
available online for anyone, and is particularly suitable to the home brewer.
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Q27. Where Can I Learn More About Home-Brewing Sake?
If you have even a passing interest in brewing sake at home, you must check
out The Sake Digest, a mailing list on sake home brewing maintained by Jim Liddil at jliddil@vms.arizona.edu. On this list, issues both stylistic and technical, detailed and general, are discussed by enthusiastic and
knowledgeable home brewers. Fred Eckhardt, easily the most experienced sake home-brewer in North America, regularly generously imparts his experience and wisdom to readers. A message is generated perhaps twice a
week, so one in not inundated with information and countless emails. It is quite interesting to follow along with the apparently successful efforts of these brewers from a cyber-distance.
Q28. Where Can I Buy Organic Sake? Not sure where to buy it but about 15 Japanese companies sell organic sake and one is Yuki no Bosha, which a
Google search should bring up. It is in Akita Prefecture, Japan. They do export it to the US. Another is Dewatsuru.
Q29. If I host a sake tasting party, and I intend to serve various different
sake, how can one "clear the palette" between tastes? Answer. First, get buckets to spit into. Most professional tasters do not DRINK the sake; they
pour just a little into their tasting cup (any type of guinomi will do), sniff it carefully, then sip it, swirl it around in their mouth, then spit it out into the
bucket. Then they write their tasting notes. Second, have plenty of bottled water available. In between tasting different sake, many professional tasters simply drink water to cleanse their palette.
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Q30. Vegetarian Sake. As a sake lover and a new vegan, I need to find sakes that do not use any animal product in their brewing and refining.
Can you give me any information on how to double check a sake as "vegan-friendly?" Most sake does not use gelatin finings, although we cannot
determine what does and what does not, and there is no way to know from the label. Powdered active charcoal is used for fining of most Japanese sake
. This is made from (as far as we know) wood and plants, but we cannot be sure about all stuff at all places. Sake called "muroka" is unfiltered and unfined so that would be a safe bet.
Q31. What is the sugar content of sake, and how many calories are there in a typical serving of sake? There are between 180 and 240 calories, or 20
to 27 grams of carbohydrates, in 5.5 oz glass of sake. Protein and fat are negligible. During the brewing of sake, the yeast cells eat the natural sugar
created by the starches in the rice and give off alcohol and carbon dioxide. The starch-to-sugar conversion, and the fermentation of that sugar, take
place simultaneously in the same tank. This makes sake unique; in other beverages the conversion to sugar occurs first, and fermentation later. Also, another important parameter to be aware of is the Nihonshu-do
. Also called the Sake Meter Value (abbreviated SMV) in English, this is the specific gravity of a sake. It indicates how much of the sugars created from the starches in
the rice were converted to alcohol, and how much remained to contribute to sweetness. By ancient convention, the higher the number, the drier the sake.
What is the range? In theory, it is open-ended. In practice, + 10 or so is quite dry, -4 or so is quite sweet, and +3 or so is neutral. Keep in mind this
parameter is affected by acidity, temperature, accompanying food, and a host of other factors so that it is limited in its usefulness.
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